CFA Note

Thursday, April 27, 2006

New Information in 2006 LOS - Sections

LOS 1-1 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct

LOS 1-2 Guidance Statements for Standards I-VII

LOS 1-4 CFA Institute Research Objectivity Standards

LOS 5-2-A Business Combinations and Related Issues

reviewed

LOS 5-2-B Corporate Governance, Compensation, and Other Employee Issues

reviewed

LOS 5-2-C Risk Management, Derivatives, and Special Purpose Entities

reviewed

LOS 6-2 Similarities and Differences - A Comparison of IFRS and U.S. GAAP

reviewed

LOS 7-2 The Income Statement, Part II - Expenses, Nonoperating Items

reviewed

LOS 9-1 Corporate Governance

reviewed

LOS 9-3 Dividends and Dividend Policy

reviewed

LOS 9-4-B Corporate Restructuring

reviewed

LOS 13-3-B Warrants and Convertible Securities

reviewed

LOS 16-2 Interest Rate Forwards and Futures

reviewed

Wednesday, April 26, 2006

New Information in 2006 LOS - Bullets

LOS 3-1-C-b

Interpret the p-values for regression coefficients;

Many software programs also report p-values for the regression coefficients. For each regression coefficient, the p-values would be the smallest level of significance at which we can reject a null hypothesis that the population value of the coefficient is 0, in a two-sided test. The lower the p-value, the stronger the evidence against that null hypothesis. A p-value quickly allows us to determine if an independent variable is significant at a conventional significance level such as 0.05, or any other standard we believe is appropriate.

LOS 4-3-A-b

distinguish between spot and forward transactions and calculate the annualized forward premium/discount for a given currency and infer whether the currency is 'strong' or 'weak';

International Investments Page 15

Given an exachange rate of x/y, the annualized forward premium on y =
((Forward Rate - Spot Rate)/Spot Rate)* (12 / No. Months Forward) * 100%

of course, the annualized forward premium on x can be found by taking the spot rate minus the forward rate on this equation.

For all currencies except the euro and British pound, a positive premium indicates that currency on the line is "strong" relative to the dollar because the rates quoted are the currency price of one dollar, e.g. SFr/$. Because the euro and the pound are quoted as the dollar value of one euro or one pound, a premium for these two lines indicates that the currency is "weak" relative to the dollar, while a discount (a negative premium) indicates that currency is "strong".


LOS 5-1-D-a

estimate the effects of changing interest rates on the market value of debt and on financial statements and ratios;

covered in book 3, page 66 of the note. Need further explanation

LOS 5-1-D-b

analyze the impact of debt covenants on a company's financial statements and ratios;

covered in book 3, page 66 of the note. Need further explanation

LOS 8-1-B-b

explain the effect on shareholders of the adoption of investment opportunities with 1) zero net present values and 2) positive net present values;

1. no change 2. higher? seems nothing special here.

LOS 9-2-g

explain the relationship between a firm's optimal capital structure and the firm''s 1) weighted average cost of capital and 2) stock price;

The optimal capital structure is the one that maximizes the price of the firm's stock (and minimize the WACC), and this generally calls for a debt ratio which is lower than the one that maximizes expected EPS.

Even though raise the debt ratio raises EPS, the higher EPS is more than offset by the corresponding increase in risk.

LOS 10-2-B-g

discuss franchise value and the growth process and calculate and interpret a company's tangible P/E value, franchise factor, growth factor, and franchise P/E value;

the intrinsic P/E can be calculated directly by (1-b)/(r-g). It can also be broken down into the non-growth factor and growth factor.

Tangible P/E = 1/r
Franchise P/E = FF * G franchise factor and growth factor
FF = (ROE-r)/(ROE*r) or 1/r - 1/ROE
G = g/(r-g) where g = b*ROE


LOS 14-1-A-d

evaluate the capacity of an issuer of a corporate bond to pay interest and repay principal, given such data as key financial ratios for the issuer and the industry;

1. Profitability Ratios
return on stockholder's equity
return on total assets
profit margin
asset turnovers

2. Debt and Coverage Analysis
A. Short-term solvency ratios
- Current Ratio
- Acide Ratio (i.e. quick ratio)
B. Capitalization Ratio
- Long-term debt to capitalization (debt + equity)
- total debt to capitalization
C. Coverage ratios
- EBIT interest coverage ratio
- EBITDA interest coverage ratio
- funds from operations/total debt ratio
- free operating cash flow/total debt ratio


LOS 14-1-B-d

explain the swap rate curve (LIBOR curve) and discuss the reasons that market participants have increasingly used the swap rate curve as a benchmark rather than a government bond yield curve.

Fixed Income Analysis Page 265-267

LOS 14-1-C-a

state the importance of using an arbitrage-free value when valuing a bond, and describe the methodology to ensure that an arbitrage-free value is being used;

Fixed Income Analysis Page 294, 312

LOS 14-1-C-b

explain the importance of the benchmark interest rates in interpreting spread measures;

Fixed Income Analysis Page 297

LOS 14-1-C-c

explain the purpose of relative value analysis and determine, given an appropriate benchmark, whether a security is undervalued of overvalued;

Fixed Income Analysis Page 297

LOS 15-1-B-b

explain prepayment tranching and credit tranching;

Fixed Income Analysis Page 407

LOS 15-1-B-e

describe the cash flow and prepayment characterstics for securities backed by home equity loans, manufactured housing loans, automobile loans, student loans, SBA loans and credit card receivables; (auto and credit card were covered in 2005)


Fixed Income Analysis Page 414-418, 420-425


LOS 15-1-B-f

compare and contrast the residential MBS issued in the UK and in Australia

Fixed Income Analysis Page 418-420

LOS 15-1-B-g

describe a collaterized debt obligation (CDO) and the different types (cash and synthetic);

Fixed Income Analysis Page 426

LOS 15-1-C-a

discuss the computation, use and the limitations of ... nominal spread and zero volatitity spread for a mortgage backed security and an asset backed security;

Fixed Income Analysis Page 449-450

LOS 15-1-C-d

discuss path dependency in passthrough securities and the implications for valution models;

The concept is very vague here. Fixed Income Analysis Page 457-462

LOS 17-2-a

characterize the change in the value of an interest rate swap for each counterparty when interest rate change;

LOS 17-2-b

compare the position of 1) the counterparties in an interest rate swap to be counterparties in an interest rate futures, and 2) the counterparties in an interest rate swap to the counterparties in a floating rate bond purchased by borrowing on a fixed-rate basis;

LOS 17-2-c

demonstrate how both a cap and a floor are packages of 1) options on interest rates, and 2) options on fixed income instruments;

LOS 18-2-f

discuss the reason ethical conduct is a requirement for managing investment portfolios;

Candidate reading, book 2, page 363

Tuesday, April 11, 2006

2005 and 2006 LOS Difference

Prologue
New Standards of Practice Handbook, Updated editions for Quantitative Methods and Fabozzi.
Remains at 18 study sessions in total.

Study Session 1
Ethical and Professional Standards
Except for Study Session 1.3 (formerly Ss 2.5), everything else is entirely new. Ss 1.1 and 1.2
are based on the new Standards handbook. Ss1.4 is based on the CFA Institute Research
Objectivity Standards, which is bundled in the Candidate Readings.
The handbook is now organized into seven standards. Although this seems to be an “overhaul”
of the standards handbook, the core principals espoused in the earlier edition remains intact
here.

Study Session 2
Ethical and Professional Standards
Unlike Ss1, this Ss 2.1 - 2.3 is mostly based on previous materials (developed by AIMR from
1996 - 1999) but have been updated or adapted in 2005. Ss2.4 was previously Ss1.4.
Removed 2005's Ss 2.1 Introduction Chapter from the Case Book; 2.4 Compensation for
Trading Errors and 2.5 Case Study: Soft Dollars.

Study Session 3
Quantitative Methods for Valuation
The same chapters and almost identical Ss as 2005, but the edition of the required reading
assignment has been updated for the 2004 (2nd) edition.
3.1B b) insert "and interpret".
3.1B f) insert “and interpret ANOVA results.”
3.1C removed from 2005, LOS c) and e).

Study Session 4
Economics for Valuation
Same readings as 2005. Some materials from 2005 has been removed: Ss4.2B and 4.2C.
4.3A b) NEW LOS
4.3B b) insert “and interpret”.
4.3 Problems 18-20 are NEW.

Study Session 5
Financial Statement Analysis
No change for Ss5.1. Ss5.2 "detecting earnings management (Wiley 2004) , chapters 9 and 10
and 11 are new, featuring 12 new LOS.
Readings from 2005 that appears to be removed, but actually appears in a slightly different
form: Ch 12 Pensions and Ch 14 Business Combinations.
5.2 can be found in the Candidate Readings. (previous 5.2 was removed)
5.1A: the part on International Accounting Standards 2 has been removed
New: Problem 18
5.1B: LOS removed include b), c) d).
5.1D the short note mentioned before the LOS is new.
5.1D a) insert...and estimate the effects of changing interest rates on the market value of debt
and on financial statements and ratios.
5.1D b) is NEW
5.1D Problems 5, 9 are new
5.1E Problems 7, 8 are new. Former LOS a) removed.
5.2A New article which can be found in the Candidate Readings, but is similar to 2005's 5.1 H.
5.2 B New article which can be found in the Candidate Readings, but is similar to 2005's 5.1 F
5.2C New article which can be found in the Candidate Readings, but is similar to 2005's 5.2

Study Session 6
Financial Statement Analysis
No change in LOS for ss6.1
6.1new problems 8, 11.
Ss6.2 with 6 chapters from an article by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Oct 2004, can be found in
the Candidate Readings.
6.2 compares IFRS wit GAAP but compares different subject areas compared to 2005.

Study Session 7
Financial Statement Analysis
All readings except 7.2 are the same as 2005's. Ss7.2 can be found in the Candidate Readings.
Removed the Accrual topic from 2005.
7.3has new Errata

Study Session 8
Corporate Finance
All readings from 2005, with reading removed for 2006: Ch 14. Ch13 and 13A moved to Ss9
8.1A b) insert “and interpret cost of retained earnings in terms of an opportunity cost.”
8.21 b) is NEW

Study Session 9
Corporate Finance
Ss9.1 is totally new and can be found in the Candidate Readings. It has 8 LOS.
Ss 9.2 was the previous Ss8.1E
Ss 9.3 is new and can be found in the Candidate Readings, but has some similarities to 2005's
Ss 8.1F.
Ss 9.4 is unchanged but uses an updated edition. 9.4 b) insert “or lowered financing costs.”
2005's LOS removed: Ch23 on Warrants and Convertible (but appears in Ss13), and Ch 33 and
Mergers.

Study Session 10
Equity Investment
No change in readings from 2005.
Ch18, Valuation Outside USA has been removed.
10.2A NEW Errata page 228
10.2B highlighted 2 new “note” comments.
10.2B g) insert “and calculate and interpret a company's tangible P/E value, franchise factor,
growth factor and franchise P/E value.”

Study Session 11
Equity Investment
Same readings as before.
11.3 highlighted “note” comments, which was not mentioned in 2005.

Study Session 12
Equity Investment
No change from 2005.

Study Session 13
Equity Investment
The same as 2005, note that ss13.3B was previously from Ss9 – similar topic but different LOS.
(2 new LOS) taken from a new chapter of an existing textbook.
13.1B insert “and interpret for l) and m)
13.3 A new Errata on page 594

Study Session 14
Fixed Income Investments
New edition of Fabozzi (2004). readings from Ch7 of the previous edition has been removed.

Study Session 15
Fixed Income Investments
New edition of Fabozzi (2004). readings from Ss15.2 of 2005 of the previous edition has been
removed.
15.1A m) , n), o), p) are new
15.1 B b), e), f), g) are new
15.1 C d) is new

Study Session 16
Dervative Investments
Ss16.1 is the same and 16.1A has new Errata on Page 76 and 78 and 16.1B has new problems
8-10 and 14-18 and Errata on page 116, while Ss16.2 is new and has 2 LOS, and can be found
in the Candidate Readings.

Study Session 17
Derivative Investments
More of the same, but Ss17.2 relies on the later editon of Fabozzi.
17.1A and B Errata all new,
17.a), b), c) are NEW LOS.

Study Session 18
Portfolio Management
More of the same readings.
18.2e) insert “and discuss how the investment time horizon may influence investor's ability to
take risk and help modify investor's stratetic asset allocation.
18.2 f) is a NEW LOS.

Tuesday, March 14, 2006

2005 Exam Discussion: Investment & Portfolio Management

Payback Period

Tax Concern

Liquidity, Risk Tolerance

Asset Portfolio

NPV profile intersects horizontal axis

NPV Profile

Risk Tolerance 2

Incorporate Investment

Semivariance

Corporate Finance

Best Measure of Diversified Portfolio Risk

Model for Midcap stock

2005 Exam Discussion: Quantitative Methods

Exam Discussions

Covariance

Nonparametric method

One or Two Tail Test

2005 Exam Discussion: Economics

Endogenous and Neoclassical Growth Theory

International Exchange

Covered vs. uncovered interest parity

trnaslation exchange rate

2005 Exam Discussion: Accounting

FIFO/LIFO

Merger Accounting

Fixed income/equity

LIFO Liquidation

LIFO Liquidation 2

LIFO Liquidation 3

RI and Equity MtM

Lease Type Classification

Restructuring Adjustment

Pension accounting/Translation Item Set

2005 Exam Discussion: Equity

Fund from Operation

Analysis of Stock Report
Given stock report to calculate different values.

FCFF / FCFE

EPS in Cash

Justified P/B

FCFF

FCFE

Equity Evaluation

2005 Exam Discussion: Derivative

Arbitrage for overvalued put

Other questions

Value of Put Option

Other questions 2

Contango

Other question 3

FRA

FRA 2

2005 Exam Discussion: Fixed Income

CFO/Total Debt

Duration Effect

Duration and Convexity

Credit Risk

Size of rate shock effect on duration

2005 Exam Discussion: General

Question List

Ethics (1-6) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quant (7-12) 7. Null vs Alt Hypothesis of returns. (2 tailed test) 8. Null vs Alt Hypotehsis of returns (1 tailed test) 9. Evaluate statement on Type I vs Type II error - Correct 10. Paired comparisans test nonsense? - Correct 11. Paired comparisans test theory? - Correct 12. Parametric vs. Non parametric
Corporate Finance (13-18) 13. Discounted Payback - Correct 14. 15. Disguised IRR question. - Correct 16. How slope of NPV profile changes as depn method changes. - Correct 17. Evaluate statement which supervisor said. 18. Evaluate which project to accept/reject using EAV? - Correct
FSA (19-30) 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
Equities (31-42) 31 32 33 34 35 36.
37. Calculate FCFF 38. Calculate FCFF - FCFE. 39. Calculate MV of firm? 40 41 42
Debt (43-48) 43. 44. Bond duration being affected? 45. Municipal Bond Credit Risk? - Correct 46 47 48
Derivatives (49-54) 49 50 51 52 53 54
Porfolio Management (55-60) 55. Calculate correlation (rho) - Correct 56. Calculate the porfolio s.d. - Correct 57 58. Choose which statement was least correct? 59. Evaluate statement? 60. Evaluate statement?
Afternoon 8181? Ethics (1-6) 1. Analyst decided not to sell the stock after board meeting. 2 3 4 5 6
Economics (7-12) 7 8 9 10. Value of EUR future 11. If fisher holds calculate EUR int rate 12. If fisher holds, ER risk is inflation uncertainty? Incorrect
Corporate Finance (13-18) 13. EPS using cash offer 14. EPS using equities offer 15. NPV to target. 16. NPV to acquirer. 17.Statement on EPS bootstrapping 18.
FSA (19-30) 19. LIFO vs FIFO ratios 20. LIFI vs FIFO ratios (something on div payout ratio) Correct 21 22 23. 24.
25. Pension liability? Correct 26. Pension expense? Correct 27 28 29. Calculate translation gain/loss? Wrong 30
Equities (31-42) 31 32 33. Some economic growth theory? Correct 34. What strategy does the firm adopt. Correct 35. Risk factors least affecting the firm. Correct 36
37. Comments on EVA and ROE. Correct 38. Something related to P/B Correct 39. Calculate RI Correct 40. Calculate NOPAT Correct 41. Calculate $WACC Correct 42.
Derivatives (43-48) 43. The value of the swaption is the greater of Zero or... Correct 44. Calculate value of the swaption Correct 45. Should the manager sell the Eurobor bond? 46. Exploiting the arbitrage opportunity. Correct 47. Put call parity Correct 48. Future price of the bond. Correct
Debt (49-54) 49. 50 51 52 53 54
Porfolio Management (55-60) 55. Something on tax concerns and liquidity risk? Correct 56. Liquidity risk related to assets? Incorrect 57. 58. Ability to tolerate risk? Incorrect 59. IPS statement should contain the following line... Incorrect 60

Questions on the exam that were from textbook questions:

The Hypothesis Testing, The FCFF/E, The P/B, Pretty much all the derivatives , The EVA , The Convertible, and of course the DDM. However, the Accounting questions, particularly the Multinational didn't resemble one question I remember doing in the Sondi, et al. book. I was totally expecting an abbreviate BS, IS, etc. to convert and then interpert the ratios, etc. but it never happened.

Calculating FX rates using interest rate parity and purchasing power parity


Miscellaneous Questions
swaption, the industrie analysys and difference with IAS and US pension

Rules to Remember

H Model

General Discussion

2005 Exam Discussion: Investment Tools

Merger

Does Merger lead to lower interst cost

2005 Exam Discussion: Ethics

Admission of Guilt

About Duty to Employer and Soft Dollar
http://www.analystforum.com/phorums/read.php?12,172474

Stock Sell

Other Questions

Acctg Shenanigans

Rejected Clients

what if the company had marginal instead of significant control over X (the 50% holding)?

If they have marginal control, rather than controlling interest, than you use the equity method. Controlling would require you to consolidate. Significant is equity, controlling is consolidation, and marginal or not significant is cost

If investment is over 20% and/or significant influence it should be treated like equity.

Corporate Finance Question

#1. Lincoln Coal is planning a new coal mine, which will cost 430 million to build, with the expenditure occurring next year. The mine will bring cash inflows of 200 million annually over the next seven years. It will then cost 170 million to close down the mine over the following year. Assume all cash flows occur at the end of the year. Alternatively, Lincoln Coal may choose to sell the site today. What minimum price should Lincoln set on the property, given a 16% required rate of return on these above average risk project?

A) 325,859,000
B) 376,872,000
C) 800,000,000
D) 280,913,000

0 = 0 1= -430 2= 200 3= 200 4= 200 5= 200 6= 200 7= 200 8= 200 9 = -170 NPV = 280.91272

ANSWER D

how to expense the stock option booked under the SG&A item

Two ways stock option expense can be shown:

It is either shown as expense under SG&A in the Income statement. In this case, there will be tax credit under income tax line in I/S

or

alternatively it is not shown on I/S and shown as pro-forma disclosure in the footnotes. In this case, no tax credit in I/S.

Ex-post domestic currency return

A U.S. investor purchased a U.K. bond one year ago. The exchange rate at the time was 1.5 to 1 (dollars to pounds) and the beginning-of-period ratio of the price levels of the consumption baskets was 2 ($ to ). Beginning of the year interest rates were 7 percent in the U.S. and 12 percent in the U.K. Inflation during the year was expected to be 5 percent in the U.S. and 10 percent in the U.K. Today the exchange rate is 1.6. What is the ex-post domestic currency return on the U.K. bond to the U.S. investor?
A) 18.67%.
B) 5.33%.
C) 1.64%.
D) 14.67%.
Correct answer: A) 18.67%.
The dollar was expected to appreciate (lower inflation), but depreciated by 6.67 percent (= 1.6/1.5 = 1.0667 or 6.67%) instead. Hence, the return to U.S. investor is the foreign interest rate plus currency appreciation, or 18.67 percent (= 12% foreign rate + 6.67% appreciation).
Ex-post domestic currency return is the return, in term of domestic currency, for holding the foreign investment denominated in foreign currency. Inflation plays no role here. The inflation information is only useful when you calculate the real exchange rate.

Wednesday, August 10, 2005

CFA Note

CFA resources